Faculty

Patricia G. Parker, E. Desmond Lee Professor of Zoological Studies*, Chairperson
Ph.D., University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
Elizabeth A. Kellogg, E. Desmond Lee Professor of Botanical Studies*
Ph.D., Harvard University
Charles R. Granger, Distinguished Teaching Professor*
Ph.D., University of Iowa
Robert E. Ricklefs, Curators Professor*
Ph.D., University of Pennsylvania
Arnold B. Grobman, Professor Emeritus*
Ph.D., University of Rochester
James H. Hunt, Professor*
Ph.D., University of California-Berkeley
Robert J. Marquis, Professor*
Ph.D., University of Iowa
Frank Moss, Professor*
Ph. D., University of Virginia
Susanne S. Renner, Professor*
Dr. Habil; Dr. rer. Nat, University of Hamburg
Martin Sage, Professor Emeritus*
Ph.D., Nottingham University
Peter F. Stevens, Professor*, Interim Director, International Center for Tropical Ecology
Ph.D., Edinburgh
Zuleyma Tang-Martinez, Professor*, Director Graduate Program
Ph.D., University of California-Berkeley
Teresa Thiel, Professor*; Associate Dean, Arts and Sciences
Ph.D., Case Western Reserve University
Lon A. Wilkens, Professor*
Ph.D., Florida State University
Shirley T. Bissen, Associate Professor*, Director Biotechnology Program
Ph.D., University of Michigan
John G. Blake, Associate Professor*
Ph.D., University of Illinois
Godfrey R. Bourne, Associate Professor*
Ph.D., University of Michigan
Albert Derby, Associate Professor Emeritus*
Ph.D., City University of New York
Harvey P. Friedman, Associate Professor Emeritus*
Ph. D., University of Kansas
Lawrence D. Friedman, Associate Professor Emeritus*
Ph.D., University of Wisconsin
Donald E. Grogan, Associate Professor Emeritus*
Ph.D., University of Missouri-Columbia
Bette A. Loiselle, Associate Professor*
Ph.D., University of Wisconsin
Jane A. Starling, Associate Professor Emeritus*
Ph.D., The William Marsh Rice University
Colin MacDiarmid, Assistant Professor
Ph.D., University of Aukland
Wendy M. Olivas, Assistant Professor*
Ph.D., University of Nebraska Medical Center
Marc Spingola, Assistant Professor*
Ph.D., University of  New Mexico
Mariette P. Baxendale, Lecturer
Ph.D., Saint Louis University
Carol Weber, Lecturer, Undergraduate Advisor
M.S., University of Missouri-St. Louis
Terry L. Erwin, Research Professor*
Ph.D., University of Alberta
Peter H. Raven, Research Professor*; Director, Missouri Botanical Garden,
Ph.D., University of California-Los Angeles
M. Jan Salick, Research Professor*
Ph.D., Cornell University
Ihsan A. Al Shehbaz, Research Associate Professor*
Ph.D., Harvard University
Bruce Allen, Research Associate Professor*
Ph.D., University of Cincinnati
Eldridge Bermingham, Research Associate Professor*
Ph.D., University of Georgia
Steven P. Churchill, Research Associate Professor
Ph.D., City University of New York
Deborah A. Clark, Research Associate Professor*
Ph.D., University of Wisconsin
David B. Clark, Research Associate Professor*
Ph.D., University of Wisconsin
Thomas B. Croat, Research Associate Professor*
Ph.D., University of Kansas
Peter Goldblatt, Research Associate Professor*
Ph. D., University of Cape Town, South Africa
Peter E. Hoch, Research Associate Professor*
Ph.D., Washington University
Peter M. Jorgensen, Research Associate Professor
Ph.D., Aarhus Universitet
Timothy Killeen, Research Associate Professor*
Ph.D., Iowa State University
Robert E. Magill, Research Associate Professor*
Ph.D., Texas A&M
David A. Neill, Research Associate Professor*
Ph.D., Washington University
Charlotte Taylor, Research Associate Professor*, Ph.D., Duke University
Hendrik H. van der Werff, Research Associate Professor*
Ph.D., State University of Utrecht, The Netherlands
George A. Yatskievych, Research Associate Professor*
Ph.D., Indiana University, Bloomington
James L. Zarucchi, Research Associate Professor
Ph.D., Harvard
Stanton Braude, Research Assistant Professor*
Ph.D., University of Michigan
James S. Miller, Research Assistant Professor*
Ph.D., Saint Louis University
Peter M. Richardson, Research Assistant Professor*
Ph.D., University of London
George E. Schatz, Research Assistant Professor*
Ph.D., University of Wisconsin-Madison
Maria Del Carmen Ulloa Ulloa, Research Assistant Professor
Ph.D., Aarhus Universitet
Guanghua Zhu, Research Assistant Professor*
Ph.D., University of Missouri-St. Louis
Cheryl S. Asa, Research Assistant Professor*
Ph.D., University of Wisconsin-Madison
Mary E. Yurlina, Research Assistant Professor
Ph.D., Rutgers University
Kimberlie A. McCue, Adjunct Assistant Professor*
Ph.D., University of Missouri-Columbia
Patrick L. Osborne, Adjunct Associate Professor, Associate Director,  International Center for Tropical Biology
Ph.D., East Anglia
Terry Jo Gile, Affiliate Assistant Professor; Jewish Hospital College of Nursing and Allied Health
M.A., Central Michigan University
Linda J. McCown, Affiliate Assistant Professor; Jewish Hospital College of Nursing and Allied Health
M.S., University of Pittsburgh
David F. Russell, Affiliate Assistant Professor
Ph.D., University of California-San Diego
Michael D. Ward, Affiliate Assistant Professor, Director, Allied Health Programs, Jewish Hospital College of Nursing and Allied Health
Ph.D., Saint Louis University
Donna Duberg, Adjunct Lecturer; Chair CLS Program, Jewish Hospital College of Nursing and Allied Health
M.S., Michigan State University
Linda Hoechst, Adjunct Lecturer
M.A., Webster University

*members of Graduate Faculty

General Information

Degrees and Areas of Concentration
The Department of Biology provides academic programs leading to the B.A. or B.S. in Biology. In cooperation with the College of Education, the department offers the B.S. in Secondary Education with a major in biology and the B.A. or B.S. in Biology with teacher certification. It also offers graduate work leading to the Master of Science and the Doctor of Philosophy degrees in Biology.

Biology faculty members are engaged in teaching and research in areas ranging from molecular biology to population studies. Majors have the chance to take courses which help them develop both theoretical and experimental backgrounds necessary for further work in some of the most rapidly expanding fields of biological science or to pursue in-depth studies in specific areas through advanced courses, seminars, and individualized research programs.

Departmental Honors
Candidates for the B.A. or B.S. degree are eligible for departmental honors if they:

1. Have a minimum of 3.2 overall GPA and a minimum 3.2 average in biology courses used to complete the major.
2. Complete a minimum of 2 credit hours of Biology 4905(390), Research.
3. Complete an honors thesis based on Biology 4905(390) research work. The Honors Committee will evaluate the academic record and thesis, and those students who qualify will be recommended for honors.

Minor in Biology
Students majoring in another discipline may earn a minor in biology by completing a prescribed course of study. Unique programs can be developed to coordinate with special career objectives.

Graduate Studies
The Department of Biology offers graduate work leading to the M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in biology. Graduate students may work toward an M.S. or Ph.D. degree in two broad areas of biology: a) cellular, molecular, and developmental biology, or b) ecology, evolution, and systematics. Students in the M.S. and Ph.D. programs also have the opportunity to do their graduate work in collaboration with scientists at the Missouri Botanical Garden or the Saint Louis Zoo through a cooperative graduate program.

Objectives of the master's degree program are to provide the research-oriented training necessary for students to enter doctoral programs in biology; to develop professional biologists qualified to function in responsible technical positions; and to train secondary school and junior college biology teachers.

The objectives of the Ph.D. program are to train biologists for academic and professional positions in research and teaching. Ph.D. students in the areas of plant systematics and environmental studies have the opportunity for specialized training in tropical biology and conservation biology. This training prepares students for research careers and for leadership and scientific positions involving the conservation and management of tropical ecosystems. Ph.D. students in cellular, molecular and developmental biology will receive training in research techniques appropriate for careers in academic or industrial laboratories.

Graduate Assistantships
Stipends for teaching and research assistantships are

awarded on a competitive basis to qualified graduate students in master's or Ph.D. programs.  Educational fees are waived for graduate assistants. Applications for assistantships must be sent to the Director of Graduate Studies in the Department of Biology and be received by December 1. 

Facilities

Department facilities include research and teaching laboratories, environmental chambers, greenhouses, and a large array of supporting modern research instrumentation. Graduate research can be pursued using facilities of the Missouri Botanical Garden or the Saint Louis Zoo. Several sites within an hour of campus are suitable for regional field studies, including state parks, wildlife conservation areas, and Washington University's Tyson Research Center. UM-St. Louis is a member of the St. Louis University Research Station Consortium that operates Lay and Reis Field Stations in Missouri and it also holds membership in the Organization for Tropical Studies, which operates three field stations in Costa Rica. CEIBA Biological Centre in Guyana has hosted several UM-St. Louis courses and student researchers. Student researchers work independently at research stations throughout the tropics.

Cooperative Programs
The department participates in a cooperative consortium program in biology with Washington University, Saint Louis University, Southern Illinois University-Edwardsville, and the Missouri Botanical Garden.

Undergraduate Studies

General Education Requirements
Students must satisfy the university and college general education requirements.  Some Biology courses may be used to meet the science and mathematics requirement of the university.

Candidates for the B.A. degree must fulfill the foreign language requirement of the College of Arts and Sciences.  There is no foreign language requirement for the B.S. degree.

Satisfactory/Unsatisfactory Option
Up to 18 credit hours may be taken on a satisfactory/ unsatisfactory (s/u) basis. Excluded from this option are required courses in biology, chemistry, physics, and mathematics.

Non-major biology courses
The following 1000(100) level biology courses do not count toward the biology credit hours required for a major in biology.  Moreover, if biology majors take these courses, they are treated as biology courses when computing the 70 credit hours outside of biology needed to be included in the 120 total credit hours required for graduation.

1102(110), Human Biology
1131(113), Human Physiology and Anatomy I
1141(114), Human Physiology and Anatomy II
1162(116), General Microbiology
1202(120), Environmental Biology
1081(130), Global Ecology

Degree Requirements

Bachelor of Arts in Biology
The B.A. degree provides maximum flexibility for biology majors to pursue an undergraduate liberal arts course of study that can lead to professional careers in medicine, allied health, public and environmental health, law, and graduate studies in the life sciences. Candidates must have a cumulative grade point average of 2.0 or better in biology courses.

All B.A. degree majors must take at least 39 credit hours but not more than 50 hours in appropriate biology course work. Transfer student must satisfactorily complete at least 12 credit hours of UM-St. Louis biology course work (including two laboratories) at the 2000(200) level or above before receiving a B.A. degree from the College of Arts and Sciences with a major in biology.

Lecture and Seminar Course Requirements
1) Core Courses.  The following biology courses or their equivalents are required:

1811(11), Introductory Biology I
1821(12), Introductory Biology II
2012(224), Genetics
3302(246), Introduction to Evolution
3622(232), Cell Biology
4889(389), Senior Seminar, or 4985(285) and 4986(286) for those seeking teacher certification.

One of the following diversity courses:
2402(260), Vertebrate Biology or
2442(264), Invertebrate Biology or
2482(216), Microbiology or
2501(250), Biology of Plants or
4402(364), Ornithology or
4422(367), Entomology
4482(316), Parasitology or
4501(351), Flowering Plants Families or

2) Elective Courses.  Three additional biology lecture courses, at the 2000(200) level or higher are required. They may be selected from any of the lecture or lecture-laboratory courses offered.  Selection of these courses should reflect the career interest of the student.  Biology courses taken to fulfill basic skill requirements (e.g., statistics requirement or biochemistry option) can be used to satisfy this requirement.

At least two biology lecture courses taken as part of the core or as electives must be at the 4000 (300) level or higher.

No more than one of these higher level courses can be used to fulfill other requirements (e.g., diversity or statistics requirements, or biochemistry option).

Laboratory Course Requirements.   Three biology laboratory courses at the 2000(200) level or higher are required.  They may be taken from any of the lecture-laboratory or laboratory courses offered.  Two credit hours of Biology 4905(390) can be used to fulfill one laboratory requirement.  Students may take Chemistry 4733(373) to satisfy one of these laboratory course requirements, but students may not use both Biology 4713(375) and Chemistry 4733(373) to fulfill this requirement.

Basic Skills Requirement
A well-rounded biologist needs certain skills outside the biology subject matter.  The basic skills requirement is designed to provide the student with a background in communication skills and knowledge in associated science areas.

1) Communication Skills. Courses in foreign languages and in writing are required for development of the basic communication skills needed to transmit scientific information. The following satisfy this requirement:

Foreign Language
The foreign language requirement of the College of Arts & Sciences fulfills the departmental requirement.

Writing
Eng 3100(210), Advanced Expository Writing or
Eng 3160(216), Writing in the Sciences (strongly preferred)

2) Associated Science Area. The following courses or their equivalents must be successfully completed in science areas related to biology:
Phys 1011(11), Basic Physics
Phys 1012(12), Basic Physics
Chem 1111(11),  Introductory  Chemistry I or
[Chem 1082(1)  and Chem 1091(9)]
Chem 1121(12), Introductory Chemistry II
Chem 2612(261), Organic Chemistry I

One of the following:

Chem 2223(122), Quantitative Analysis or
Chem 2622(262), Organic Chemistry II or
Chem 2633(263), Organic Chemistry Laboratory or
Biol/Chem 4712(371), Biochemistry
Math 1310(30), College Algebra
Math 1035(35), Trigonometry
Math 1100(100), Basic Calculus or Math 1800(80), Analytical Geometry and Calculus

One of the following:

Biol 4122(388), Biometry or
Math 1310(310), Elementary Statistical Methods or
Math 1320(132), Applied Statistics I or
Ed Rem 5730(330), Educational Statistics or
Psych 2201(201), Psychological Statistics

Bachelor of Science in Biology
The B.S. degree in biology is designed to prepare students for basic technical positions and graduate studies in the life sciences. Candidates for the degree have the same core courses and general education requirements as those seeking the Bachelor of Arts degree, as well as addition requirements in depth of study, laboratory experience, communication skills, and background in associated science areas. Candidates must have a cumulative grade point average of 2.0 or better in biology courses.

There is no foreign language requirement for the B.S. degree. However, students should realize that the literature for biological studies is in many different languages and the ability to extract information from this literature is an important skill.

To fulfill the requirements for the B.S. degree a minimum of 44 hours but not more than 50 hours must be completed in appropriate biology course work. Transfer students must satisfactory complete at least 17 credit hours of UM-St. Louis biology course work (including three laboratory courses) at the 2000(200) level or higher before receiving a B.S. degree in biology.

Lecture and Seminar Course Requirements
1) Core Courses.  The following biology courses or their

equivalents are required:
1811(11), Introductory Biology I
1821(12), Introductory Biology II
2012(224), Genetics
3302(246), Introduction to Evolution
3622(232), Cell Biology
4889(389), Senior Seminar or 4985(285) and 4986(286) for those seeking teacher certification.

2402(260), Vertebrate Biology or
2442(264), Invertebrate Biology or
2482(216), Microbiology or 2501(250), Biology of Plants or
4402(364), Ornithology or
4422(367), Entomology
4482(316), Parasitology or
4501(351), Flowering Plants Families or

Laboratory Course Requirements.  Four biology laboratory courses at the 2000(200) level or higher are required.  They may be selected from any of the lecture-laboratory or laboratory courses offered.  Two credit hours of Biology 4905(390) can be used to fulfill one laboratory requirement.  Students may take Chemistry 4733(373) to satisfy one of these laboratory course requirements, but students may not use both Biology 4713(375) and Chemistry 4733(373) to fulfill this requirement.

Basic Skills Requirement A well-rounded biologist needs certain skills outside the biology subject matter.  The basic skills requirement is designed to provide the student with a background in communication skills and knowledge in associated science areas.

1) Communication Skills.  Courses in both formal speaking and writing are required for development of the basic communication skills needed to transmit scientific information. The following courses satisfy this requirement:

Formal Speaking
Comm 1040(40), Introduction to Public Speaking

Writing
Eng 3100(210), Advanced Expository Writing or
Eng 3160(216), Writing in the Sciences (strongly preferred)

2) Associated Science Area: The following courses or their equivalents must be successfully completed:
Phys 1011(11), Basic Physics
Phys 1012(12), Basic Physics
Chem 1111(11), Introduction Chemistry I, or
[Chem 1082(1)  and Chem 1091(9]
Chem 1121(12), Introductory Chemistry II
Chem 2612(261), Organic Chemistry I 
Chem 2622(262), Organic Chemistry II or Biol/Chem 4712(371), Biochemistry 
Chem 2223(122), Quantitative Analysis or Chem 2633(263), Organic Chemistry Laboratory
Math 1030(30), College Algebra
Math 1035(35), Trigonometry
Math 1100(100), Basic Calculus, or
Math 1800(80), Analytical Geometry and Calculus I

One of the following:

Biol 4122(388), Biometry or
Math 1310(31), Elementary Statistical Methods or
Math 1320(132), Applied Statistics I or
Ed Rem 5730(330), Educational Statistics or
Psych 2201(201), Psychological Statistics 
Phil 2256(156), Bioethics or Phil 3380(280), Philosophy of Science

Research Opportunity.
All students acquiring a bachelor of science degree are strongly encouraged to complete a minimum of 2 credit hours of undergraduate research, Biology 4905(390). The privilege of doing undergraduate research provides students with a firsthand opportunity to experience the research process under the supervision of a faculty member or off-campus scientist. The project normally includes a library search of pertinent literature, laboratory or field experience, and a summary paper.

Bachelor of Science in Education with Emphasis in Biology
The B.S. Ed. is a professional degree designed for individuals who wish to pursue a teaching career in biology in the secondary schools. The biology requirements parallel those for the B.A. degree with the exception that Biology 4985(285), Curriculum and Methods of Teaching Life Sciences, and Biology 4986(286), Laboratory in Teaching Life Sciences, are substituted for Biology 4889(389), Senior Seminar. Students must also fulfill the requirements for the B.S. Ed. degree as prescribed by the College of Education.

Bachelor of Arts in Biology with Teacher Certification
Biology majors interested in teaching biology in secondary schools may obtain teacher certification in cooperation with the College of Education by fulfilling the B.A. or B.S. with certain prescribed courses in biology, with the exception of Biology 4889(389), Senior Seminar, and in addition, completing the following courses:

Psych 1003(3), General Psychology
Ed Fnd 1111(111), The School in Contemporary Society
English 3160(216), Writing in the Sciences
History 1001(3), 1002(4), or 1003(6), American Civilization
PolSci 1100(11), Introduction to American Politics
Philosophy 3380(280), Philosophy of Science
Comm 1040(40), Introduction to Public Speaking
Theater 1210(21), Fundamentals of Acting
Geology 1001(1), General Geology
Atmospheric Science 1001(1), Elementary Meteorology
Ed Psy 3312(312), The Psychology of Teaching and Learning
Ed Tec 2248(248), Utilization of Computer-Based Materials in Instruction
Sec Ed 3213(213), Techniques of Secondary School Teaching and Field Experience or
Tch Ed 3310(310), Introduction to Instructional Methods
Spec Ed 3313(313), The Psychology and Education of  Exceptional Individuals
Sec Ed 4391(386), Teaching Reading in Secondary School

Content Areas

Biology 4985(285), Curriculum and Methods of Teaching  Life Sciences
Biology 4986(286), Laboratory in Teaching Life Sciences
Sec Ed 3290(290), Secondary School Student Teaching
Biology 4999(399), Science Teaching Intern Seminar

Since specific biology courses are required for teaching endorsement, contact the Department of Biology AND the College of Education for special advising regarding teacher certification.

Minor in Biology
Students may minor in biology by completing a minimum of 19 credit hours in biology, of which at least 9 hours of the biology course credits must be taken in residence at UM-St. Louis.

Requirements are:
·         Biology 1811(11) and 1821(12), Introductory Biology I and II

·         Three additional courses at the 2000 level or above totaling no less than 9 credit hours. These may include either lecture or laboratory courses.

All students must consult with an adviser to plan an appropriate course of study. This program must be approved by the chairperson of the Department of Biology.  Under certain circumstances, a student may deviate from the prescribed course of study and substitute a group of courses that exhibit a coherent area of specialization to coordinate with a career objective. Such a candidate must receive prior approval by the biology department to pursue this program.

Candidates must have a cumulative grade point average of 2.0 or better in the minor, and none of the courses may be taken on a satisfactory/ unsatisfactory (s/u) basis.
Undergraduate Certificate in Biochemistry
The university offers a certificate program for science majors who are interested in careers in biochemistry. The Biochemistry Certificate is an interdisciplinary specialization that may be earned within either a biology major or a chemistry major. To earn the certificate, biology majors must enroll in the Biochemistry Certificate Program upon the completion of 60 credit hours, fulfill all the science (biology, chemistry, math, and physics) course requirements for the B.S. degree in biology, and successfully complete the following courses:

Chem 2622(262), Organic Chemistry II
Biol/Chem 4712( 371), Biochemistry
Chem 2223(122), Quantitative Analysis
Chem 2633(263), Organic Chemistry Laboratory
Biol 4713(375), Techniques in Biochemistry or
Chem 4733(373), Biochemistry Laboratory
Chem 4722(372), Advanced Biochemistry
And three of the following biology courses:
2482(216), Microbiology
2483(218), Microbiology Laboratory
3642(235), Development
4602(326), Molecular Biology
4612(338), Molecular Genetics of Bacteria
4614(327), Biotechnology Laboratory I
4622(335), Molecular Cell Biology
4632(333), Nucleic Acid Structure and Function
4842(317), Immunobiology

Undergraduate Certificate in Biotechnology

Biol 2013(226), Genetics Laboratory
Biol 2482(216), Microbiology
Biol 2483(218), Microbiology Laboratory
Chem 2622(262), Organic Chemistry II
Biol 4614(327), Biotechnology Laboratory I
Biol/Chem 4712(371), Biochemistry
Biol 4713(375), Techniques in Biochemistry or
Chem 4733(373), Biochemistry Laboratory
One of the following courses:
Biol 4602(326), Molecular Biology
Biol 4612(338), Molecular Genetics of Bacteria
And one of the following courses:
Biol 4615(328), Biotechnology Laboratory II
Biol 4622(335), Molecular Cell Biology
Biol 4632(333), Nucleic Acid Structure and Function
Biol 4652(334), Virology
Chem 4722(372), Advanced Biochemistry
Biol 4842(317), Immunobiology

Undergraduate Certificate in Conservation Biology
The Certificate in Conservation is a multidisciplinary program of study integrating theoretical and applied topics associated with conservation biology. The certificate is intended for undergraduate students with majors in biology or in any other field who wish to develop a specialization in conservation. The certificate is offered by the Department of Biology in cooperation with the departments of Anthropology, Economics, History, Political Science, Social Work, and Sociology. Building on a core curriculum, students can elect courses from these departments to complete their requirements. Regularly enrolled undergraduates at UM-St. Louis or individuals with baccalaureate degrees who wish to receive a Certificate in Conservation Biology are eligible to participate in the conservation certificate program. To participate, students must apply to the certificate program. Application forms are available from the biology department. Guidelines for admission to the certificate program are also available. Individuals with baccalaureate degrees who are interested in this certificate must apply to the university as unclassified undergraduates. The certificate requires completion of 21 credit hours, outlined below. Students should consult the Bulletin with regard to prerequisites for any of the courses listed here.

Core Courses

Biology
2102(220), General Ecology
3202(240), Conservation Biology
3203(241), Conservation Biology Laboratory
4299(347), Practicum in Conservation

Electives: The remaining 11 credits must be selected from courses listed below. Five credits must be taken from within biology and 6 credits outside biology, from at least two departments.

Anthropology
2120(120), Native Peoples of North America
2131(131), Archaeology of Missouri
2132(132), Archaeology of North America

Biology
3122(323), Tropical Resource Ecology
3123(324), Tropical Resource Ecology Field Studies
3145(325), Tropical Vertebrate Ecology
3182(396), Introduction to Marine Science
4102(380), Behavioral Ecology
4112(348), Evolution of Animal Sociality
4182(341), Population Biology
4202(385), Wildlife Ecology and Conservation
4203(386), Wildlife Ecology and Conservation Laboratory
4245(395), Field Biology
4402(364), Ornithology
4403(366), Ornithology Laboratory
4422(367), Entomology
4423(368), Entomology Laboratory
4501(351), Flowering Plant Families: Phylogeny and Diversification

Economics
3300(230), International Economic Analysis
3301(251), Intermediate Economic Theory: Microeconomics
4550(360), Natural Resource Economics

History
3000(300), Selected Topics, when relevant

Political Science
3480(248), Environmental Politics
3590(359), Studies in Comparative Politics, when relevant
3850(285), International Organizations and Global Problem Solving
4510(351), Comparative Public Policy and  Administration

Social Work
3900(390), Seminar in Social Work, when relevant

Sociology
3420(342), World Population and Ecology
4470(346), Demographic Techniques

Preprofessional Graduation
The Department of Biology sponsors a 3+4 Program for the UM-St. Louis College of Optometry.

In this program students may be admitted to the College of Optometry after completing three years  (90 semester hours) of study in the Department of Biology. The undergraduate degree is granted when students satisfactorily complete the first year of optometry school. One or more of the following conditions must be met in order to qualify for the undergraduate degree.

• All general education requirements and all requirements for the major, except electives, must be completed.
• Any deficiency in required courses must be remedied with courses taken at UM-St. Louis within three years after entering the College of Optometry.
• Up to 6 hours from the College of Optometry may be substituted for undergraduate degree requirements, with approval of the Department of Biology.

Graduate Studies

Master of Science in Biology
The Department of Biology offers two ways of achieving the Master of Science degree. The first is a non-thesis option suitable for those who may already have extensive research experience, for educators who seek to upgrade their academic skills but do not require research experience, or for those who need to broaden their biological background. The second is a traditional apprenticeship in research leading to a written thesis. All students admitted to the graduate program are considered to be in the non-thesis program unless they have been accepted into an individual faculty lab. Starting with a common core, both the non-thesis or thesis option may be developed into a final degree program in either of two broad areas in biology: 1) Cell and Molecular Biology or 2) Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics.

M.S. Admission Requirements
Applicants to the M.S. program must submit completed application and personal data forms, three letters of recommendation from undergraduate faculty, and transcripts of all previous work. Submission of Graduate Record Examination scores, although not required, is highly recommended and will be helpful for positive consideration of admittance. Admission as a regular graduate student requires graduation from an accredited college with a minimum grade point average overall and in biology courses of 3.0 (where A = 4.0).

All foreign applicants, except those from countries where English is the primary language, must take the TOEFL. Ordinarily, a score of 213 on the computer-based exam (550 on the paper-based exam) or  better is required.

In addition to the Graduate School admission requirements, applicants should have completed advanced undergraduate biology courses including genetics, biochemistry, and evolution. Courses in organic chemistry, college physics, and calculus are also expected, and a course in statistics is highly recommended. Students admitted to the degree program who have not met some of the prerequisites may be asked to pass appropriate courses before graduating. These courses will be agreed upon by the student's adviser, the student, and the Director of Graduate Studies during the first semester of enrollment. In particular, undergraduate deficiencies in genetics and either biochemistry or evolution shall be made up by taking the appropriate course(s).

Three credits of Biol 4920(392) Selected Topics can be given to graduate students for Biology 2012(224) or Biology 3302(246), if they receive a grade of B or better for all undergraduate course work and complete a graduate level paper assigned by the instructor. Instructor consent is required.

M.S. Degree Requirements
Advisers
All incoming thesis and non-thesis students will be assigned an academic adviser by the Director of Graduate Studies upon admission to the graduate program. 

In the event that a student's interest changes or the faculty adviser feels the student's direction no longer falls within his/her area of expertise, the student and adviser should discuss whether a change of adviser is warranted. The graduate director must be notified in writing of any change in advisers. If a student or adviser is uncomfortable discussing the issue directly with each other, he/she is encouraged to meet with the director or associate director of the graduate program. 

General Requirements
All students are required to take at least 4 but not more than 8 hours of Biology 6889(489), Graduate Seminar.

Non-thesis Option
Including the general requirements, students must take at least 30 graduate credit hours, of which at least half must be at the 5000 or 6000-level. Students are encouraged to take a laboratory course (4000 level or higher) or 2 credit hours of Biology 6905(490), Graduate Research. A maximum of 5 credit hours of Biology 6905(490), will be counted toward the 30 credit hour total. This research may be conducted in the laboratory or the field.

Thesis Option
Including the general requirement, students must take at least 30 graduate credit hours, of which at least half must be at the 5000 or 6000 level. No more than 13 hours of Biology 6905(490), Graduate Research, may be counted toward the degree.

The student and adviser work together to develop a research plan. The thesis proposal must be approved by the student's adviser and advisory committee before the student enrolls in more than 4 credit hours of Biology 6905(490), Graduate Research, and before the student has completed 15 credit hours in the master's program. A thesis embodying results of original research shall be submitted to and approved by the Department of Biology and the Graduate School. This approval requires both a written thesis and oral presentation and defense.

Ph.D. in Biology
The doctoral program emphasizes empirical and theoretical approaches to biological research. Students are required to integrate basic skills in biology with focal studies in an emphasis area. The program is designed to provide research experience and training appropriate for advanced positions in academic research and teaching, government and public agencies, and industry.

Ph.D. Admission Requirements
Applicants to the Ph.D. program must submit a formal application to the Graduate Admissions Office. In addition, the applicant should arrange to have sent: three letters of recommendation from faculty members at previously attended colleges or universities, GRE scores (Verbal, Quantitative, and Analytical), and transcripts of all postsecondary academic work. Admission to the Ph.D. program normally requires a minimum grade point average overall and in biology courses of 3.0 (where A=4.0).

Applicants from countries where English is not a primary language are required to take the TOEFL examination.

Scores must be submitted before admission can be decided. Ordinarily, a score of 550 or better is required. Applicants should have a bachelor's or M.S. degree from an accredited United States college or university or evidence of equivalent training at an accredited institution outside the United States.

Applicants should have the appropriate background for graduate work in biology, including courses in genetics, biochemistry, and evolution. Courses in organic chemistry, college physics, and calculus are expected. A course in statistics is recommended. Students admitted to the Ph.D. program who have not met all the prerequisites may be required to make up deficiencies before admission to candidacy. The deficiencies will be decided during orientation meetings prior to the start of the second semester. Three credits of Biology 4920(392) Selected Topics can be given to graduate students for Biology 2012(224) or Biology 3302(246) if they receive a grade of B or better for all undergraduate course work and complete a graduate-level paper assigned by the instructor. Instructor consent is required.

Ph.D. Degree Requirements
In addition to the general requirements of the Graduate School, the basic requirements for the Ph.D. degree in Biology include 60 graduate credit hours.  At least 30 of the 60 hours must be taken at the 5000 or 6000 level. With the explicit consent of the advisory committee, students may take for graduate credit up to 3 credit hours of 3000 level courses in allied departments. Courses in biology at the 3000 level and below are not available for graduate credit. At least 31 of the 60 hours must be taken while in residence at the University of Missouri-St. Louis. Graduate credit for course work transferred from another program is subject to approval by the graduate committee and by the Graduate School. Graduate courses taken elsewhere will be considered for transfer credit during orientation meetings conducted prior to the start of the second semester of enrollment.

Specific courses shall be completed as follows:

• Biology 4122(388) (3 hours), Biometry, or equivalent course in statistics.
• Biology 6889(489) (2 hours), Graduate Seminar.
  Three semesters required (6 credits total).
• 12 hours of formal course work required by the student's emphasis area at the time a student is admitted to the Ph.D. program.

The maximum number of credit hours that may be applied toward the 60-hour requirement is limited as stated below:

• Biology 6889(489), Graduate Seminar: 10 hours
• Biology 6905(490), Graduate Research: 30 hours

A combination of 6 total credit hours of the following:

• Biology 5059(405), Topics in Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics
• Biology 5069(406), Topics in Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology
• Biology 5079(407), Topics in Floristic Taxonomy

First-Year Experience
Graduate students are expected to become involved in a research experience during their first-year program, usually winter semester or summer session.

Qualifying Examination
Students must pass a qualifying examination (which consists of a written and oral component), based on fundamental principles presented in formal courses and in papers of special importance in the field. The exam will be given in January of each year, at the beginning of the winter semester. Students beginning studies in the fall semester would normally take the qualifying examination prior to their fourth semester of full-time study. Doctoral students who have earned an M.S. degree previously are encouraged to take the examination in their first year.

Admission to Candidacy
To be admitted to candidacy, students must satisfy the requirements of the Graduate School, which includes passing all qualifying examinations and completing all required course work.

Dissertation Proposal
All students must defend orally a written dissertation proposal to their dissertation committee. The approved proposal must be submitted to the director of graduate studies in biology. Doctoral students may not enroll in more than 4 credits of graduate research [Biology 6905(490)] before they have received approval for their dissertation proposal.

Dissertation
A dissertation embodying the results of original research shall be submitted to and approved by the Department of Biology and the Graduate School. The general regulations of the Graduate School concerning the preparation of the dissertation must be met. These rules include a public oral defense of the written dissertation. Dissertations are to be presented in a style appropriate for one or more publications in scientific journals.

Teaching
At least one semester of supervised teaching is required of all doctoral students.

Graduate Certificate in Biotechnology
The Graduate Certificate in Biotechnology is offered for students with a bachelor's degree who wish to obtain advanced level training in those fields of biology that pertain to biotechnology without necessarily earning a master's degree. Students who enter this program may have a variety of interests, including biochemistry, microbiology, molecular biology, cell biology, developmental biology, or molecular evolution. 

Admission
Students who wish to earn a Graduate Certificate in Biotechnology must apply to the Biotechnology Certificate Program for admission to the program. Students must be enrolled in the graduate program at the University of Missouri-St. Louis either as non-degree students or as master's students. 

Students who wish to obtain a master's degree with a Biotechnology Certificate must be accepted into the Master's degree program in Biology as well as into the Biotechnology Certificate Program. Students who apply to the certificate program as non-degree students will earn only the certificate.

Students must have at least a 3.0 GPA for undergraduate course work to be accepted into the program. The minimum course prerequisites for admission to the program are undergraduate courses in genetics, cell biology, and biochemistry.

Requirements
Students must maintain a minimum GPA of 3.0 to remain in the certificate program. The certificate is awarded after completion of the courses listed below. Students enrolled in the Master's program may simultaneously earn a graduate degree and count the appropriate courses from the list below toward the Biotechnology Certificate.

The biotechnology certificate requires 18 credit hours of course work.

Core Requirements
I. Biology 6615(428), Advanced Biotechnology Laboratory II

II. Biology 6602(426), Advanced Molecular Biology or
Biology 6612(438), Advanced Molecular Genetics of Bacteria

 (If both Group II courses are taken, one may be used as elective credit)

III. The remaining 11 credit hours must be taken from the following electives:

Biology
4712(371), Biochemistry
4842(317), Immunobiology
5069(406), Topics in Molecular, Cellular, and  Developmental Biology
5842(417), Advanced Immunology
6622(435), Advanced Molecular Cell Biology
6632(433), Advanced Nucleic Acid Structure and Function
6642(439), Advanced Plant Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering
6652(434), Advanced Virology
6699(431), Graduate Internship in Biotechnology
6889(489), Graduate Seminar, when relevant

Chemistry
4722(372), Advanced Biochemistry
4733(373), Biochemistry Laboratory

Graduate Certificate in Tropical Biology and Conservation
The certificate is awarded after completion of 18 credit hours of core courses and electives with a minimum of 12 credits at the 5000 or 6000 level. Up to 3 credits may be taken at the 3000 level upon permission of the Graduate Committee. Electives must include a minimum of 3 credits outside biology with a maximum of 7 outside biology. A maximum of 3 credits may be taken elsewhere than UM-St. Louis. Students may simultaneously earn a graduate degree and count credits earned in their degree program toward the certificate when appropriate.

Required Core Courses:
Biology 6250(445), Public Policy of Conservation and Sustainable Development
Biology 6299(447), Internship in Conservation Biology (May be replaced with a biology elective for individuals with applied conservation or environmental agency experience upon consent of the Graduate Committee).

Choice of:
Biology 6212(446), Theory and Application of Conservation Biology
Biology 6222(487) , Advanced Tropical Ecology and Conservation

Electives:
Biology
3182(396), Introduction to Marine Science
4182(341), Population Biology
4202(385), Wildlife Ecology and Conservation
4402(364), Ornithology
4422(367), Entomology
4501(351), Flowering Plant Families Phylogeny and Diversification
5122(423), Advanced Tropical Resource Ecology
5123(424), Advanced Tropical Resource Ecology Field  Studies
5145(425), Advanced Tropical Vertebrate Ecology
5192(442), Population and Community Ecology 
6102(480), Advanced Behavioral Ecology
6112(448), Advanced Evolution of Animal Sociality
6182(441), Advanced Population Biology
6192(483), Applications of Geographic Information  Systems
6212(446), Theory and Application of Conservation Biology
6222(487), Advanced Tropical Ecology and Conservation
6889(489), Graduate Seminar, when relevant

Economics
3300(230), International Economic Analysis
3301(251), Intermediate Economic Theory:  Microeconomics
4550(360), Natural Resource Economics

History
3000(300), Selected Topics in History, when relevant
3201(371), History of Latin America: to 1808
3202(372), History of Latin America: Since 1808
3302(381), West Africa Since 1800
6114(425), Readings in Latin American History, when relevant
6115(430), Readings in African History, when relevant

Political Science
2530(253), Political Systems of South America
2540(254), Political Systems of Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean
2580(258), African Politics
3480(248), Environmental Politics
3590(359), Studies in Comparative Politics, when relevant
3830(283), International Political Economy
3850(285), International Organizations and Global Problem Solving
3890(388), Studies in International Relations
4470(347), Introduction to Environmental Law and Policy
4510(351)), Comparative Public Policy and Administration
4850(385), International law
4940(394), Leadership and Management in Nonprofit Organizations
6414(414), Topics in Public Policy Analysis, when relevant
6448(448), Political Economy and Public Policy
6459(459), Seminar in Latin American Politics, when relevant
6462(462), Political Theory and Public Policy
6490(481), Seminar in International Relations

Social Work
4950(390), Seminar in Social Work Issues, when relevant

Sociology
4342(342), World Population and Ecology
4646(346), Demographic Techniques
5426(426), Community and Regional Conflict Resolution

Career Outlook
The biology degree programs, at the baccalaureate and master's degree levels, are designed to prepare the student for further training. The undergraduate degree is designed to prepare the student for professional training in areas such as medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine, optometry, and related areas, or for further graduate training in research. The Master of Science program is an extension of the undergraduate program and has as its goals three main objectives:

• Provide research-oriented training and education.
• Provide qualified graduates for doctoral programs.
• Provide secondary school and junior college biology teachers with training necessary to maintain and improve their teaching effectiveness.

The Ph.D. program prepares students as research professionals in fields such as biological conservation, ecology, and biomedical science. Employment opportunities are available in college or university research and teaching, in government and public institutions such as museums and botanical gardens, and in industry.

Course Descriptions

Prerequisites may be waived by consent of the department or instructor. Some courses as indicated in the course description may be taken concurrently with the listed offering. Consult an adviser for further information.

Students who have earned 24 or more semester hours of credit at any accredited post-secondary institutions(s) before the start of the fall 2002 semester must meet the general education requirements stipulated in the UM-St Louis 2001-2002 Bulletin.  The following courses fulfill the Natural Sciences and Mathematics breadth of study requirements as described in that Bulletin:

1012(1), 1013(3), 1811(11), 1821(12), 1102(110), 1131(113), 1141(114), 1162(116), 1202(120), 1081(130), 3802(213), 3803(215), 2482(216), 2483(218), 2102(220), 2103(222), 2012(224), 2013(226), 3622(232), 3631(234), 3642(235), 3643(237), 3202(240), 3203(241), 3302(246), 2501(250), 2402(260), 2403(262), 2442(264), 2443(266) 3102(280), 3103(282), 3920(292), 4882(316), 4842(317), 4822(320), 3122(323), 3123(324), 3145(325)), 4602(326), 4614(327), 4615(328), 4632(333), 4652(334), 4622(335), 4612(338), 4642(339), 4182(341), 4112(348), 4501(351), 4532(353), 4552(355), 4402(364), 5312(365), 4403(366), 4422(367), 4423(368),4712(371), 4713(375), 4102(380), 4162(384), 4202(385) , 4203(386), 4222(387), 4122(388), 4889(389), 4905(390), 4920(392), 4245(395), 3182(396),3183(398)

1012(1) General Biology (3), [MS]
Emphasis on fundamental principles of biology. Biology 1012(1) can be applied toward fulfillment of the general education requirement in science. Biology 1012(1) does not satisfy the prerequisite requirements in other courses in biology at the 2000 level or above. Students who plan to pursue a career in medicine or one of the medical-oriented professions should enroll in Biology 1811(11) rather than Biology 1012(1). Three hours of lecture per week.

1013(3) General Biology Laboratory (2), [MS]
Prerequisite: Biology 1012(1) (may be taken concurrently). Laboratory course to accompany Biology 1012(1). Biology 1013(3) can be used to fulfill the general education requirements in a laboratory science. Biology 1013(3) does not meet the prerequisite requirements for other courses in biology. Three and one-half hours of laboratory per week.

1081(130) Global Ecology (3), [V, SS, MS]
Prerequisite: Biology 1012(1). Must be taken concurrently with Political Science 1850(85) for 3 hours of Biology and 3 hours of Political Science credit. A course team-taught by the Biology and Political Science departments, aimed particularly at elementary education majors. Combines natural science and social science perspectives in taking a global view of a variety of environmental concerns, such as air and water pollution, climate change, conservation of nonrenewable resources, and other issues. Examines the underlying scientific dimension, as well as the political-economic-social aspects of problem-solving at local, national, and international levels. Features labs and field trips in addition to lecture and discussion. Three hours of lecture, one hour and fifteen minutes discussion and three and one-half hours laboratory per week.

1102(110) Human Biology (3) [C, MS]
Lectures and readings concerned with the reproduction, development, genetics, functional anatomy, behavior, ecology, and evolution of the human species. Three hours of lecture per week.

1131(113) Human Physiology and Anatomy I (4), [MS]
Prerequisite: Biology 1012(1) or its equivalent. The basic aspects of the structure of the healthy human body and how it functions. Special emphasis is on how the human body adapts itself to its environment and how changes affect physiological activities. Three hours of lecture and two hours of laboratory per week.

1141(114) Human Physiology and Anatomy II (4), [MS]
Prerequisite: Biology 1131(113). A continuation of Biology 1131(113). A study of the basic aspects of human physiology and anatomy. Three hours of lecture and two hours of laboratory per week.

1162(116) General Microbiology (3), [MS]
Prerequisite: Biology 1012(1) or its equivalent. A survey of microbial structure, genetics, and physiology. Special emphasis will be placed on the transmission and control of such organisms as they relate to the maintenance of human health. Three hours of lecture per week.

1202(120) Environmental Biology (3), [MI, MS]
An examination of the biological basis of current environmental problems, with emphasis upon resources, energy, pollution, and conservation. Three hours of lecture per week.

1811(11) Introductory Biology I (5), [MI, MS]
Prerequisites: A minimum of high school chemistry, English 1100(10) or equivalent (may be taken concurrently), and placement into college algebra or higher.  Required for students intending to major in biology or take specified biology courses at the 2000 level or above. Ordinarily followed immediately by Biology 1821(12). This course presents an introduction to some of the principles of biology and scientific methodology applied to the molecular/cellular through organ system levels of organization. Topics include: cell structure, metabolism, reproduction, heredity and major physiological processes regulated by organ systems. Three hours of lecture, three and one-half hours of lab, and one hour of discussion per week.

1821(12) Introductory Biology II (5), [MI, MS]
Prerequisites: Biology 1811(11). Required for students intending to major in biology or take specified biology courses at the 2000 level or above. Ordinarily taken immediately following Biology 1811(11). This course presents an introduction to some of the principles of biology and scientific methodology applied to the organismal and supraorganismal levels of biology. Topics to be covered include: ecology, evolution, diversity, and population biology. Three hours of lecture, three and one-half hours of laboratory, and one hour of discussion per week.

2012(224) Genetics (3)
Prerequisite: Biology 1811(11)[majors must also take Biology 1821(12)] and Chem 1111(11) or [Chem 1082(1) plus Chem 1091(9)]. Fundamental principles of inheritance, including classical genetic theory as well as recent advances in the molecular basis of heredity. Three hours of lecture per week.

2013(226) Genetics Laboratory (2)
Prerequisite: Concurrent registration in Biology 2012(224), or by consent of instructor. Laboratory to accompany Biology 2012(224). Three and one-half hours of organized laboratory time per week. Students may need to return to the laboratory at unscheduled times to complete some exercises.

2102(220) General Ecology (3)
Prerequisite: Biology 1811(11) and 1821(12). An examination of the relationships between living organisms and their environment. Three hours of lecture per week.

2103(222) General Ecology Laboratory (2)
Prerequisite: Biology 2102(220) required (may be taken concurrently); a general statistics course strongly recommended. Analysis of environmental factors influencing the abundance and distribution of living organisms. Some classes held at field sites in and around St. Louis. Three and one-half hours of laboratory or field work per week.

2402(260) Vertebrate Biology (3)
Prerequisite: Biology 1811(11) and 1821(12). Development, structure, function, interrelationships, and zoogeography of vertebrate animals with particular attention to phylogenetic aspects. Three hours of lecture per week.

2403(262) Vertebrate Biology Laboratory (2)
Prerequisite: Biology 2402(260)(may be taken concurrently). Laboratory to accompany Biology 2402(260). Morphological analysis and systematic survey of major vertebrate groups. Overview of the vertebrate life forms and their adaptations to habitats and resources. Three and one-half hours of laboratory per week.

2442(264) Invertebrate Biology (3)
Prerequisite: Biology 1811(11) and 1821(12). Structure and function of invertebrate animals with co-emphasis on evolution and phylogenetic interrelationships. A field trip to the Florida Gulf Coast will be offered but not required. Three hours of lecture per week.

2443(266) Invertebrate Biology Laboratory (2)
Prerequisite: Biology 2442(264)(may be taken concurrently). Laboratory to accompany Biology 2442(264). Dissection and analysis of invertebrates with an emphasis on structure and function; includes field trips to area stations. A field trip to the Florida Gulf Coast will be offered but not required. Three and one-half hours of laboratory per week.

2482(216) Microbiology (3)
Prerequisite: Biology 1811(11) [majors must also take Biology 1821(12)] and Chem 1111(11) [or Chem 1082(1) plus Chem 1091(9)]. Study of microorganisms, their metabolism, genetics, and their interaction with other forms of life. Three hours of lecture per week.

2483(218) Microbiology Laboratory (2)
Prerequisite: Biology 2482(216) (may be taken concurrently). Experimental studies and procedures of microbiological techniques. Three and one-half hours of organized laboratory time per week. Students will need to return to the laboratory at unscheduled times to complete some exercises.

2501(250) Biology of Plants (5)
Prerequisites: Biology 1811(11) and 1821(12). A general discussion of the plant groups from algae through angiosperms. Plant morphology, physiology, reproduction, and ecology will be discussed in lecture (three hours per week). The laboratory (three and one half hours per week) involves examination of representatives of the plant kingdom and experimentation in plant physiology and genetics. Fulfills both a lecture and a laboratory requirement.
3102(280) Animal Behavior (3)
Prerequisite: Biology 1811(11) and 1821(12). The study of invertebrate and vertebrate behavior, including neurophysiological, hormonal, developmental, genetic, ecological and evolutionary aspects of behavior; behavior interactions within and between populations. Three hours of lecture per week.

3103(282) Animal Behavior Laboratory (2)
Prerequisite: Biology 3102(280)(may be taken concurrently).  Observational and experimental studies of animal behavior in the field and laboratory. Three and one-half hours of formal laboratory time per week, but additional time may be required for independent projects. Some activities involve field trips or trips to the St. Louis Zoo.

3122(323) Tropical Resource Ecology (3)
Prerequisite: Biology 2102(220) and either Biology 3302(246) or 3102(280) or their equivalent, or consent of instructor. A lecture and seminar course that applies the behavioral ecology paradigm to the patterns of use and exploitation of resources in the tropics by humans. Students may not receive credit for both Biology 3122(323) and 5122(423). Three hours of lecture per week. Offered in odd numbered years.

3123(324) Tropical Resource Ecology Field Studies (2)
Prerequisite: Biology 3122(323)(may be taken concurrently). The field component to the lecture and seminar course. Examines the patterns of use and exploitation of resources in the tropics by humans in the context of the theories of behavioral ecology. Two weeks of intensive field research and lectures in Guyana, South America during the second and third weeks of Summer Session I (trip costs to be borne by the student). Students may not receive credit for both Biology 3123(324) and Biology 5123(424). Offered in odd numbered years.

3145(325) Tropical Vertebrate Ecology (3)
Prerequisite: Biology 2102(220), and either Biology 3102(280) or 3302(246), or their equivalent, or consent of instructor.  Explores the natural history and role of neotropical vertebrate individuals, populations, and communities in savanna and rainforest ecosystems. Three weeks of intensive natural history lecture, discussion and group and individual field studies in Guyana, South America during the second, third, and fourth weeks of Summer Session I (trip costs to be borne by the student). Students may not receive credit for both Biology 3145(325) and 5145(425). Offered in even numbered years.

3182(396) Introduction to Marine Science (3)
Prerequisite: Biology 1811(11) and 1821(12) or their equivalents, (Biology 2442(264) and 2443(266) recommended). A multidisciplinary study of the ocean environment. Topics to include the geology of ocean basins, atmospheric and astronomic effects on the motion of water, chemical and physical properties of sea water, and the adaptations and diversity of marine organisms to their environment. Topics will include the ecology of various benthic and pelagic marine communities and human impact on the world's oceans. Offered in Winter Semester only.

3183(398) Introduction to Marine Science Laboratory (2)
Prerequisite: Biology 3182(39) and consent of instructor. An intensive laboratory and field study of selected North American marine communities. Based on a two-week field trip to Florida and offered during the Spring Intersession semester, following the lecture course Biology 396(3182) of the preceding winter semester. Students must pay their own travel and living expenses.

3202(240) Conservation Biology (3)
Prerequisite: Biology 1811(11) and 1821(12). Introduction to the principles and theories of conservation biology. Course topics include biodiversity, extinctions, population modeling, habitat fragmentation, conservation area management, restoration ecology, and social science elements of conservation strategies. Class sessions will include lectures, discussions, and simulation exercises. Three hours of lecture per week.

3203(241) Conservation Biology Laboratory (2)
Prerequisites: Biology 3202(240)(recommended to be taken concurrently). Laboratory to accompany Biology 3202(240). Laboratory will include computer simulations of conservation problems using existing software, 2-3 field trips to local conservation projects, and field interviews with governmental and non-governmental agencies. Three and one-half hours of laboratory per week.

3302(246) Introduction to Evolution (3)
Prerequisite: Biology 1811(11) and 1821(12); Bio 2012(224) strongly recommended. Introduction to the theory, events, and processes of organic evolution.

3622(232) Cell Biology (3)
Prerequisite: Biology 1811(11)[majors must also take Biology 1821(12)], Chem 1111(11), 1121(12) and 2612(261) or equivalents. Examination of the basic biological processes of cells.

3631(234) Histology and Microtechniques (5)
Prerequisite: Biology 1811(11) [majors must also take Biology 1821(12)], Biology 3622(232) recommended. The basic principles of histology. A survey of basic tissues and organ systems. Techniques associated with preparation of animal tissues for light microscopic studies. Three hours of lecture and three and one half hours of laboratory per week. (Additional lab hours arranged.) Fulfills both a lecture and a laboratory requirement
3642(235) Development (3)
Prerequisites: Biology 1811(11) and 1821(12). Basic principles of development from the point of view of growth, morphogenesis, and differentiation. Three hours of lecture per week.

3643(237) Development Laboratory (2)
Prerequisite: Biology 3642(235) (may be taken concurrently). Laboratory to accompany Biology 3642(235). Three and one-half hours of laboratory per week.

3699(231) Undergraduate Internship in Biotechnology (1-4)
Prerequisite: Biology 1811(11) and 1821(12), Chem 1111(11) and 1121(12) and consent of instructor. Concurrent enrollment in Chem 2612(261) or higher is strongly encouraged. A 2.5 GPA and enrollment in the undergraduate Biotechnology Certificate Program is required. Internship will consist of a period of observation, experimentation and on-the-job training in a biotechnology laboratory. The laboratory may be industrial or academic. Credit will be determined by the number of hours a student works each week and in consultation between the intern's supervisor and instructor. Two credits may be used to fulfill the lab requirement.

3802(213) Vertebrate Physiology (3)
Prerequisite: Biology 1811(11) and 1821(12) and Chem 11(1111) or Chem 1082(1) plus Chem 1091(9). Basic functional aspects of organ systems in relation to the physiochemical properties of protoplasm. Three hours of lecture per week.

3803(215) Vertebrate Physiology Lab (2)
Prerequisite: Biology 3802(213) (may be taken concurrently). Instrumental and experimental studies in physiology. Three and one-half hours of laboratory per week.

3920(292) Special Topics in Biology (1-5)
Prerequisites: Biology 1811(11) and 1821(12), junior standing, and consent of instructor or curriculum committee. Topics will vary each semester. Topics are available from the biology department office. This course may be used to satisfy requirements for elective biology courses for the B.A. or B.S. degree in biology; it cannot be substituted for core courses required for all majors. Credit arranged. May be taken up to two times for credit.

4102(380) Behavioral Ecology (3)
Prerequisite: Biology 3102(280); Biology 2102(220) recommended. Topics in animal behavior with an emphasis on ecological and evolutionary aspects of behavior. Topics may include the role of behavior in population regulation, habitat selection and spacing, feeding and predator-prey interactions, sexual selection, evolution of mating systems, and new approaches to animal communication. Three hours of lecture per week. Students may not receive credit for both Biology 4102(380) and 6102(480).

4112(348) Evolution of Animal Sociality (3)
Prerequisite: Biology 3102(280) or consent of instructor, Biology 2102(220) or 4182(341) recommended. The evolution of sociality, including a critical examination of sociobiological theories and alternative approaches to social evolution. Survey of social organization and behavior in arthropods, with an emphasis on social insects, and vertebrates. Two hours of lecture, one hour of discussion per week. Students may not receive credit for both Biology 4112(348) and 6112(448).

4122(388) Biometry (3)
Prerequisite: Math 1030(30) and a minimum of 15 hours in biology. Reviews descriptive, analytical, and experimental methods useful for the statistical study of biological phenomena. Students will develop the skills needed to better appreciate and evaluate the published literature, as well as the ability to design their own research programs. Topics include: the collection and summarization of biological observations; development, design, and testing of hypotheses; analysis and presentation of data. Three hours of lecture per week. Fulfills the statistics requirement for the B.A. or B.S. degree in biology.

4162(384) Evolutionary Ecology (3)
Prerequisites: Biology 3302(246) and 4182(341), or equivalent, or consent of instructor.  The course will explore the use of evolutionary theory to interpret life-history adaptations of organisms, family and social interactions, coevolution, and macroevolution. Topics will include the evolution of sex, sexual selection, aging, parent-offspring conflict, evolution of pathogen virulence, artificial selection, and genetic modification of organisms. Students will also analyze data sets using computer software to highlight the application of game theory approaches and phylogenetically based comparative analysis to interpret patterns in nature. Three hours of lecture per week. Students may not receive credit for both Biology 384(4162) and 484(6162).

4182(341) Population Biology (3)
Prerequisite: Biology 2102(220) and 2012(224) (Biology 3302(246) recommended). Introduces concepts and mathematical models of population ecology and population genetics. By integrating the ecology and genetics of populations, the course goal is to understand the processes that contribute to microevolution of populations. Topics include demography, metapopulation biology, natural selection, migration, gene flow, and genetic drift. Three hours of lecture per week. Students may not receive credit for both Biology 4182(341) and 6182(441).

4202(385) Wildlife Ecology and Conservation (3)
Prerequisite: Biology 2102(220), and junior standing. This course will provide a basic survey of the ecological issues involved in conservation and management of wild animals. Topics will include population dynamics and regulation, habitat management, endangered species, wildlife legislation, predator-prey interactions, human-wildlife conflicts, sustainable use of wildlife. There will be a strong emphasis on temperate ecosystems, but many examples will be drawn from tropical ecosystems. Use of computer simulation models in wildlife conservation and management will be included. Three hours of lecture per week.

4203(386) Wildlife Ecology and Conservation Laboratory (2)
Prerequisite: Biology 4202(385)(may be taken concurrently) or consent of instructor. This course will provide field and laboratory experiences to accompany Biology 4202(385). Field trips will emphasize field research techniques, including methods for sampling animal populations and their habitat. Considerable emphasis will be placed on learning to identify common vertebrates of Missouri streams and forests. Laboratory periods will be used to discuss methods of data analysis, computer simulations, as well as further emphasis on identification. Three and one-half hours of lab per week. Several one- to two-day field trips will be required as well.

4222(387) Tropical Ecology and Conservation (3)
Prerequisite: Biology 2102(220), 4182(341), 5192(442), or equivalent. This course will cover research areas in tropical population, community and ecosystems ecology, with emphasis on interspecies and environment-organism interactions, population control factors, and genetic structure of populations. Topics include the current status and causes of tropical habitat destruction, ongoing attempts to manage those habitats, and development of strategies leading to sustained use of nonrenewable resources. Students may not receive credit for both Biology 4222(387) and 6222(487). Three hours of lecture per week.

4245(395) Field Biology (3)
Prerequisite: Three biology courses and consent of instructor. Intensive study of the flora and fauna of selected natural areas of North America, including an extended field trip. Details of the field trip and course schedule will be posted in the Biology Department preceding registration for the term in which the course will be offered. Students will be required to pay costs of travel and of the field trip. This is a laboratory course appropriate for advanced undergraduates and non-thesis Master of Science students. Students may not receive credit for both Biology 4245(395) and 6245(440).

4299(347) Practicum in Conservation (2)
Prerequisite: Biology 3202(240) or consent of instructor. This course is generally restricted to students officially enrolled in the Certificate Program in Conservation Biology. The course provides practical experience with conservation or environmental agencies. Specific placement will be selected according to student's interests and career goals as well as availability of agency openings. Course requirements include practical experience and final report on practicum experience.

4402(364) Ornithology (3)
Prerequisite: Biology 2102(220) and junior standing. Introduction to avian biology and ecology. Material to be covered will include basic adaptations of anatomy, physiology, and behavior of birds. There will be a strong emphasis on avian ecology and conservation. Specific topics will include flight, reproductive behavior, migration, foraging behavior, community structure, and current conservation concerns. The diversity of birds will be emphasized through comparisons between temperate and tropical regions. Three hours of lecture per week.  

4403(366) Ornithology Laboratory (2)
Prerequisite: Biology 4402(364)(may be taken concurrently) or consent of instructor. This course will introduce students to methods of identifying and studying birds. Labs will almost entirely be comprised of field trips to local areas and will emphasize diversity of birds, adaptations shown by different groups, and means of identification, particularly of birds found in Missouri. Field projects will focus on techniques for censusing birds, sampling foraging behavior, and studying habitat selection. Indoor periods will cover internal and external anatomy of birds. Slides and field trips to the St. Louis Zoo will be used to survey the diversity of birds worldwide. Three and one-half hours of laboratory per week. Longer (e.g., Saturday) field trips will be made when appropriate.

4422(367) Entomology (3)
Prerequisite: Biology 1811(11) and 1821(12); 9 additional hours of biology, and upper-division standing. Development, structure, function, behavior and ecology of insects, including a systematic survey of the orders of Insecta. Three hours of lecture per week.

4423(368) Entomology Laboratory (2)
Prerequisite: Biology 4422(367)(may be taken concurrently). Laboratory to accompany Biology 4422(367). Studies of the morphology, physiology, and behavior of insects to give a sampling of biological studies of the class Insecta. Formation of a collection of insects, comprising a systematic survey of orders and principal families, will be an integral part of the course and will require additional time beyond the official lab hours. Three and one-half hours of lab per week.

4482(316) Parasitology (3)
Prerequisite: Biology 1811(11), 1821(12), and 10 additional hours of biology and upper-division standing. Biology 3622(232) strongly recommended. A broadly based course emphasizing the phylogeny, life history, ecology, and physiology of parasites of medical and veterinary importance. Modern aspects of experimental parasitology, immunoparasitology, and parasite molecular biology will be addressed.

4501(351) Flowering Plant Families: Phylogeny and Diversification (5)
Prerequisites: Biology 1811(11), 1821(12) and junior standing or consent of instructor. Focusing on the flowering plant families of North America, the aim of the course is to give an understanding of their phylogeny and diversification. Student will also gain an understanding of plant morphology and anatomy, a basis for further developing their knowledge of plants. Three hours of lecture and three to four hours of laboratory per week. Students may need to return to the laboratory at unscheduled times.   

4532(353) Sex and Evolution in the Flowering Plants (3)
Prerequisites: Biology 1811(11) or 1821(12)or equivalent; Biology 3302(246) or 2501 (250) recommended. The evolution of flowers, and flowering plants, is the result of mutualistic plant-animal interactions. This course explores all aspects of the function of flowers, integrating findings and approaches from ecology, systematics, plant physiology, and animal behavior. flower color, scent, and nectar, deceptive pollination systems, pollen-stigma interactions and incompatibility systems, flowering plant mating systems (including selfing and apomixis), and pollination by insects, vertebrates, wind, and water. Two hours of lecture per week and one hour of laboratory per week to be arranged. Does not fulfill a laboratory requirement for biology majors.

4552(355)  Evolution and Phylogeny of Seed Plants (3)
Prerequisites: Biology 3302(246) or 2501(250) or equivalent. Examination of the evolution of, and relationships among, major lines of seed-bearing plants, both extinct (Bennettitales, Cordaites, etc.) and extant (conifers, cycads, ginkgo, Gnetales, and flowering plants). Criteria for the assessment or morphological homology are examined, and wherever possible the evolution of morphological structures is related to their function. Includes introduction to cladistic methods and practical exercises in the analysis of large morphological data matrices using PAUP & MacClade. Two hours of lecture per week and one hour of laboratory per week to be arranged. Does not fulfill a laboratory requirement for biology majors. Students may not receive credit for both Biology 4552(355) and Biology 6552(455).

4602(326) Molecular Biology (3)
Prerequisite: Biology 2012(224) and 4712(371). A study of the principles of molecular biology, with emphasis on understanding the genetic regulation of DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis and function in the eukaryotic cells. Three hours of lecture per week. Students may not receive credit for both Biology 4602(326) and Biology 6602(426).

4612(338) Molecular Genetics of Bacteria (3)
Prerequisite: Biology 2482(216) and Biology 2012 (224). A study of the molecular biology of gene replication, transfer, and expression in bacterial cells. Topics include DNA replication, transcription and translation, mutagenesis, DNA repair and recombination, gene transfer, and the regulation of genes and global expression systems. Three hours of lecture per week. Students may not receive credit for both Biology 4612(338) and Biology 6612(438).

4614(327) Biotechnology Laboratory I (4)
Prerequisite: Biology 2012(224) or consent of instructor. An introduction to the fundamental concepts that underlie the field of biotechnology. Both the basic principles of molecular biology and hands-on experience with the techniques of the field will be addressed through lectures, discussions, and a series of laboratory exercises. Two hours of lecture and four hours of laboratory per week. Fulfills a laboratory requirement only; may not be used to fulfill the 4000 level or above lecture course requirement for the B.A. or B. S. degree in biology. Students may not receive credit for Biology 4614(327) and a comparable biotechnology course from another institution.

4615(328) Biotechnology Laboratory II (4)
Prerequisite: Biology 4614(327) and either Biology 4602(326) or Biology 4612(338), or consent of instructor. An in-depth look at theory and practice of biotechnology.  Lectures and discussion will examine the underlying principles, and laboratory exercises will present hands-on experience with current techniques. One hour of lecture and six hours of laboratory per week. Fulfills a laboratory requirement only; may not be used to fulfill the 4000- 5000 level lecture course requirement for the B.A.                                                                                                                                         or  B.S. degree in biology. Students may not receive credit for both Biology 4615(328) and Biology 6615(428).

4622(335) Molecular Cell Biology (3)
Prerequisites: Biology 4602(326), Biology 3622(232), and Biology 4712(371) or consent of instructor. A study of the structural organization and processes of eukaryotic cells. Topics of discussion will include regulation of transcription, gene product processing and transport, organelle biogenesis and function, cytoskeletal structure and function, and cell interactions. Three hours of lecture per week. Students may not receive credit for both Biology 4622(335) and Biology 6622(435).

4632(333) Nucleic Acid Structure and Function (3)
Prerequisite: Biology 2012(224) and 4712(371) or equivalent or consent of instructor. Comprehensive view of structural properties of DNA and RNA that promote molecular interactions and biological function. Topics include physical properties of nucleic acids, formation and biological importance of higher order structures, RNA enzymatic activities, nucleic acid-protein interactions, and RNA metabolism. Three hours of lecture per week. Students may not receive credit for both Biology 4632(333) and 6632(433).

4642(339) Plant Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering (3) Prerequisite: Biology 4602(326) or 4612(338). Topics will include plant cell and developmental biology, DNA transfer into plants, using mutations to identify genes and their functions, regeneration of plants in tissue culture, signal transduction mechanisms, molecular biology of plant organelles, developmental engineering, metabolic engineering, plant-microbe interactions, and engineered resistance to pathogen attack. Three hours of lecture per week. Students may not receive credit for both Biology 4642(339) and 6642(439). 
4652(334) Virology (3)
Prerequisite: Biology 2482(216) and 2012(224). A comparative study of the structure, reproduction, and genetics of viruses. Three hours of lecture per week. Students may not receive credit for both Biology 4652(334) and 6652(434)

4712(371) Biochemistry (3)
[Same as Chemistry  4712(371)]. Prerequisite: Chemistry 2612(261) and either Biology 1811(11) or Chem 2622(262).  Examines the chemistry and function of cell constituents, and the interaction and conversions of intracellular substances.  Students may not receive credit for both Biology 4712(371) and Chemistry 4712(371).

4713(375) Techniques in Biochemistry (2)
Prerequisite: Biology 4712(371) or Chemistry 4712(371) (may be taken concurrently). Laboratory activities introducing fundamental qualitative and quantitative biochemical techniques. Student evaluation will be based on laboratory participation, student laboratory reports, and written examinations. Three and one-half hours of organized laboratory time per week. Students may need to return to the laboratory at unscheduled times to complete some experiments.

4822(320) Introduction to Neuroscience (3)
Prerequisite: Biology 3802(213) or consent of instructor. The study of nervous systems, featuring the cellular bases of initiation and conduction of the impulse, synaptic transmission, and the network integrative function of invertebrate and vertebrate nervous systems. This course emphasizes the multidisciplinary nature of the neurosciences, including anatomical, physiological and molecular approaches to understanding neural function. Three hours of lecture per week.

4842(317) Immunobiology (3)
Prerequisite: Biology 4712(371) and Chem 2612(261). The fundamental principles and concepts of immunology and immunochemistry. Emphasis on the relation of immunological phenomena to biological phenomena and biological problems. Three hours of lecture per week.

4889(389) Senior Seminar (2)
Prerequisite: Senior standing. Required of biology majors. Oral and written presentation by students of selected scientific papers or articles. Students are expected to participate in discussions of oral presentations by other students. May not be taken for graduate credit.

4905(390) Research (1-3)
Prerequisite: Consent of faculty research advisor; generally restricted to junior and senior standing.  Research in an area selected by the student in consultation with and under the supervision of a faculty research adviser. Research opportunities are subject to availability.  The project normally includes the reading of pertinent literature, laboratory or field experience, and a summary paper. Credit arranged. Course may be repeated for a total of up to 5 credit hours. Any combination of 2 credit hours may be used to meet one laboratory course requirement.  No more than 2 credit hours may be applied toward the minimum number of biology course credits for the major in biology.

4920(392) Selected Topics (1-10)
Prerequisite: Junior standing and consent of instructor. Selected topics in biology. The topics will vary each semester. Topics available in the department office. Credit arranged. May be taken more than once for credit.

4980(302) Science in the Real World: Microbes in Action (2)
Prerequisites: Biology 1811(11) or Chem 1111(11) or equivalent course, and experience teaching science at the middle school or high school level. A hands-on workshop in microbiology designed for secondary school science teachers interested in introducing microbiology to their students. Includes lectures on basic microbiology, laboratory exercises in microbiology for middle school or high school classroom, discussion sessions, and a session in the computer lab to familiarize teachers with microbiology resources on the Web. Open only to middle school and high school science teachers. Does not count as credit toward degree in biology.

4985(285) Curriculum and Methods of Teaching Life Sciences (4)
[Same as SecEd 4985(285)]. Prerequisite: Tch Ed 3310(310) and a near-major in biology. A study of the scope and sequence of the life science courses in the school curriculum, with emphasis on the selection and organization of materials and methods of instruction and evaluation. The analysis of teaching/learning and field experience observations in secondary school classrooms will be integrated into classroom activities and discussions. This course must be completed in residence.

4986(286) Laboratory in Teaching Life Sciences (2)
[Same as SecEd 4986(286)]. Prerequisite: Tch Ed 3310(310). Discussion, development, utilization, and evaluation of equipment, materials, and techniques applicable to instruction in the life sciences. Must be taken concurrently with Biology 4985(285) SecEd 4985(285).

4999(399) Science Teaching Intern Seminar (3)
Prerequisite: Biology 4985(285) and 4986(286). Addresses the application of educational philosophy, science curriculum, teaching strategies, and instructional technology in the classroom setting. Offered concurrently with SecEd 3290(290), Secondary School Student Teaching.  
5059(405) Topics in Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics (1)
Prerequisite: Graduate standing. Presentation and discussion of current faculty and student research projects in behavior, ecology, evolution, and systematics. May be repeated for a maximum of 3 credit hours. One hour per week.

5069(406) Topics in Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology (1)
Prerequisite: Graduate standing. Presentation and discussion of student and faculty research projects and/or current research articles in molecular, cellular and developmental biology. May be repeated for a maximum of 3 credit hours. One hour per week.

5079(407) Topics in Floristic Taxonomy (1)
Prerequisite: Biology 2501(250) or equivalent, and graduate standing. Seminar course in systematics of higher plants, arranged in the Cronquist sequence of families, covering morphology, anatomy, palynology, biogeography, chemosystematics, cytology, and other aspects of plant classification and phylogenetics. Given at the Missouri Botanical garden. One hour per week.

5122(423) Advanced Tropical Resource Ecology (3)
Prerequisite: Biology 2102(220), and either Biology 3302(246) or Biology 3102(280) or their equivalent, or consent of the instructor. A lecture and seminar course that applies the behavioral ecology paradigm to the patterns of use and exploitation of resources in the tropics by humans. Students may not receive credit for both Biology 3122(323) and Biology 5122(423). Three hours of lecture, and one hour of discussion or seminar per week. Offered in odd numbered years.

5123(424) Advanced Tropical Resource Ecology Field Studies (2)
Prerequisite: Biology 5122(423) (may be taken concurrently). The field component to the lecture and seminar course. Examines the patterns of use and exploitation of resources in the tropics by humans in the context of the theories of behavioral ecology. Two weeks of intensive field research and lectures in Guyana, South America during the second and third weeks of Summer Session I (trip costs to be borne by student). Students may not receive credit for both Biology 5123(424) and Biology 3123(324). Offered in odd numbered years.

5145(425) Advanced Tropical Vertebrate Ecology (3)
Prerequisite: Biology 2102(220), and either Biology 3102(280) or Biology 3302(246) or their equivalent, or consent of the instructor.  Explores the natural history and role of neotropical vertebrate individuals, populations, and communities in savanna and rainforest ecosystems. Three weeks of intensive natural history lecture, discussion, and group and individual field studies in Guyana, South America during the second, third, and fourth weeks of Summer Session I (trip costs to be borne by student). Students may not receive credit for both Biology 5145(425) and Biology 3145(325). Offered in even numbered years.

5192(442) Population and Community Ecology (3)
Prerequisite: Biology 2102(220)or 4182(341) or their equivalents. Studies of structure and organization of natural communities stressing the abundance and distribution of species, the regulation of species diversity, and the evolution of demographic parameters in populations. Three hours of lectures per week.

5312(365) Theory of Systematics (3)
Prerequisites: Biology 1811(11) and 1821(12) and at least one course beyond introductory level dealing with animal, plant, or microbial diversity [(such as Biology 2482(216), 2501(250), 2402(260), 4482(316), 4501(351), 4402(364), or 4422(367)] or consent of instructor. Investigates theory of classification, phylogenetic analysis, systematic biology, and their relation to systematic practice. Covers goals and schools of systematics, characters, and homology, analysis of molecular and morphological data and underlying assumptions, species concepts, classification, naming, and connections between evolutionary biology and systematics. Appropriate for upper-level undergraduates and graduate students in all disciplines, animal, plant, and microbial, as introduction to systematic methods. Three hours of lecture per week.

5842(417) Advanced Immunology (3)
Prerequisite: Biology 4842(317). Advanced consideration of techniques of measuring antigen-antibody interaction; immunogenetics as applied to cellular immunity and transplantation; evolution of the immune response. Three hours of lecture per week.

5985(485) Problems in Teaching College Biology (3)
[Same as Adu Ed 6435(435)]. Prerequisite: Teaching experience, 30 semester hours in biology, and consent of instructor. Basic philosophies underlying undergraduate biology education at the college level will be presented and examined with concern for establishment of an individual philosophy in the prospective college teacher. Teaching techniques suitable for college-level instruction will be considered, practiced, and evaluated. Advantages and limitations of various methods of instruction will be considered with respect to current research findings.

5986(486) Techniques in Teaching College Biology for Graduate Students (2)
[Same as Sec Ed 6986(486)]. Prerequisite: Graduate standing and teaching assignment. Discussion and practice of techniques specific to instruction in the life sciences. Consideration will be given to teaching strategies, curriculum design, evaluation, instrumentation, and student-teacher interaction. Recommended for all graduate students with teaching assistantships.

6102(480) Advanced Behavioral Ecology (3)
Prerequisite: Biology 3102(280) (Biology 2102(220) recommended). Topics in animal behavior with an emphasis on ecological and evolutionary aspects of behavior. Topics may include the role of behavior in population regulation, habitat selection and spacing, feeding and predator-prey interactions, sexual selection, evolution of mating systems, and new approaches to animal communication. Three hours of lecture, one hour discussion or seminar per week. Students may not receive credit for both Biology 4102(380) and 6102(480).

6112(448) Advanced Evolution of Animal Sociality (3)
Prerequisite: Biology 2102(220), or 4182(341) recommended or consent of instructor. The evolution of sociality, including a critical examination of sociobiological theories and alternative approaches of social evolution. Survey of social organization and behavior in arthropods, with an emphasis on social insects, and vertebrates. Two hours of lecture and one hour of discussion per week. Students may not receive credit for both Biology 4112(348) and Biology 6112(448).

6162(484) Advanced Evolutionary Ecology (3)
Prerequisites: Biology 3302(246) and 4182(341), or equivalent, or consent of instructor.  The course will explore the use of evolutionary theory to interpret life-history adaptations of organisms, family and social interactions, coevolution, and macroevolution. Topics will include the evolution of sex, sexual selection, aging, parent-offspring conflict, evolution of pathogen virulence, artificial selection, and genetic modification of organisms. Students will also analyze data sets using computer software to highlight the application of game theory approaches and phylogenetically based comparative analysis to interpret patterns in nature. Graduate students will write a paper on a topic relevant to the course. Three hours of lecture per week. Students may not receive credit for both Biology 4162(384) and 6162(484).

6182(441) Advanced Population Biology (3)
Prerequisites: Biology 2102(220) and 2012(224), (Biology 3302(246) recommended). Introduces concepts and mathematical models of population ecology and population genetics. By integrating the ecology and genetics of populations, the course goal is to understand the processes that contribute to microevolution of populations. Topics include: demography, metapopulation biology, natural selection, migration, gene flow, and genetic drift. A discussion section will focus on mathematical elements of population biology models. Three hours of lecture, and one hour of discussion per week. Students may not receive credit for both Biology 4182(34) and 6182(441).

6192(483) Applications of Geographic Information Systems (3)
Prerequisite: Biology 2102(220), Biology 4122(388) or equivalent, and consent of instructor; short course in UNIX operating systems recommended. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are sophisticated computer-based systems for analysis, capture, presentation, and maintenance of geographically referenced data. This course provides a foundation in using GIS for a spatial analysis. Examples from a wide range of disciplines are used to emphasize the use of GIS as a tool to support analysis and decision-making. Students will have hands-on use of GIS software using UNIX-based computer workstations. A formal research paper on GIS applications in biological research will be required. Three hours of combined lecture and computer operations per week.

6212(446) Theory and Application of Conservation Biology (3)
Prerequisite: Biology 4182(341),5192(442), or equivalent; or consent of instructor. Prerequisites may be taken concurrently. Advanced analysis of conservation theory with emphasis on conservation of populations, their genetic diversity, and the biodiversity of habitats. Applied aspects of conservation and sustainable development will be illustrated through case studies presented by conservation professionals.

6222(487) Advanced Tropical Ecology and Conservation (3)
Prerequisite: Biology 2102(220), or 4182(341), or 5192(442), or their equivalent. This course will cover research areas in tropical population, community and ecosystem ecology, with emphasis on interspecies and environment-organism interactions, population control factors, and genetic structure of populations. Topics include the current status and causes of tropical habitat destruction, ongoing attempts to manage those habitats, and developments of strategies leading to sustained use of nonrenewable resources. A research proposal designed to investigate current topic in tropical ecology will be required. Students may not receive credit for both Biology 4222(387) and 6222(487). Three hours of lecture per week.

6245(440) Ecological Research in Temperate Zones (3)
Prerequisite: Graduate standing and consent of instructor. This course will visit several temperate ecosystems with the objectives of learning about the natural history of these areas together with learning how to design projects and conduct field research addressing current ecological theories in a temperate setting. Several faculty members will participate in this course. Temperate sites to be visited will likely include Missouri Ozarks, Great Smokey Mountains, Indiana dunes, and Southern Illinois bottomland and cypress swamp forest. Students will be required to pay costs of travel and of field trips. Students may not receive credit for both Biology 4245(395) and 6245(440). Two hours of discussion (during weekday), four-six weekend field trips (leave Friday, return Sunday), and several (2-4) Saturday field trips during the first eight weeks of semester.

6250(445) Public Policy of Conservation and Sustainable Development (3)
[Same as Pol Sci 6452(452)]. Prerequisite: graduate standing in Biology or Political Science and consent of instructor. Prior course in ecology recommended. This course will introduce the student to concepts and techniques for formulating, implementing, and analyzing public policy with an emphasis on environmental concerns, conservation, and sustainable development. The course will be team-taught by a political scientist and a biologist. Course materials will include case studies that demonstrate the special problems of the environmental policy-making in developing and developed economics.

6299(447) Internship in Conservation Biology (1-4)
Prerequisite: Biology 6250(445) or 6212(446) and consent of the director of graduate studies in Biology. Internships will consist of a period of study, observation, and on-the-job training at a conservation or environmental agency. Specific placements will be selected according to student's interests and career goals. Internships may vary from 2 weeks to 4 months in duration.

6552(455) Advanced Evolution and Phylogeny of Seed Plants (3)
Prerequisites: Biology 3302(246) or 2501(250), or equivalent. Advanced approaches in examination of the evolution of, and relationships among, major lines of seed-bearing plants, both extinct (Bennettitales, cordaites, etc.) and extant (conifers, cycads, ginkgo, Gnetales, and flowering plants). Criteria for the assessment of morphological homology are examined, and wherever possible the evolution of morphological structures is related to their function. Includes use of cladistic methods and practical exercises in the analysis of large morphological data matrices using PAUP & MacClade. Two hours of lecture per week and one hour of laboratory per week to be arranged. Does not fulfill a laboratory requirement for biology majors. Students may not receive credit for both Biology 4552(355) and Biology 6552(455).

6602(426) Advanced Molecular Biology (3)
Prerequisite: Biology 2012(224) and 4712(371), or consent of instructor. A study of the principles of molecular biology, with emphasis on understanding the  genetic regulation of DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis and function in eukaryotic cell. Three hours of lecture per week. Students will be required to give an oral presentation and/or write an extra paper on a topic relevant to the course. Students may not receive credit for both Biology 6602(426) and Biology 4602(326).

6612(438) Advanced Molecular Genetics of Bacteria (3)
Prerequisite: Biology 2012(224) and 2482(216). A study of the molecular biology of gene replication, transfer, and expression in bacterial cells. Topics include DNA replication, transcription and translation, mutagenesis, DNA repair and recombination, gene transfer, and the regulation of genes and global expression systems. Three hours of lecture per week. Students will be required to give an oral presentation and/or write an extra paper on a topic relevant to the course. Student may not receive credit for both Biology 6612(438) and Biology 4612(338).

6615(428) Advanced Biotechnology Laboratory II (4)
Prerequisite: Biology 4614(327) and either Biology 4602(326) or Biology 4612(338), or consent of instructor. An in-depth look at the theory and practice of biotechnology. Lectures and discussion will examine the underlying principles, and laboratory exercises will present hands-on experience with current techniques. One hour of lecture and six hours of laboratory per week. Students will be required to give an oral presentation and/or write an extra paper on a topic relevant to the course. Students may not receive credit for both Biology 6615(428) and Biology 4615(328).

6622(435) Advanced Molecular Cell Biology (3)
Prerequisite: Biology 4602(326), Biology 3622(232), and Biology 4712(37), or consent of instructor. A study of structural organization and processes of eukaryotic cells. Topics of discussion will include regulation of transcription, gene product processing and transport, organelle biogenesis and function, cytoskeletal structure and function, and cell interactions. Three hours of lecture per week. Students will be required to give an oral presentation and/or write an extra paper on a topic relevant to the course. Students may not receive credit for both Biology 6622(435) and Biology 4622(335).

6632(433) Advanced Nucleic Acid Structure and Function (3)
Prerequisites: Biology 2012(224) and 4712(371) or equivalent or consent of instructor. Comprehensive view of structural properties of DNA and RNA that promote molecular interactions and biological function. Topics include physical properties of  nucleic acids, formation and biological importance of higher order structures, RNA enzymatic activities, nucleic acid-protein interactions, and RNA metabolism. Three hours of lecture and one hour of discussion per week. Students may not receive credit for both Biology 4632(333) and 6632(433).

6642(439) Advanced Plant Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering (3)
Prerequisite: Biology 4602(326) or 4612(338). Topics will include plant cell and developmental biology, DNA transfer into plants, using mutations to identify genes and their functions, regeneration of plants in tissue culture, signal transduction mechanisms, molecular biology of plant organelles, developmental engineering, metabolic engineering, plant microbe interactions, and engineered resistance to pathogen attack. Three hours of lecture and one hour of seminar per week. Student may not receive credit for both Biology 4642(339) and Biology 6642(439). 
6652(434) Advanced Virology (3)
Prerequisite: Biology 2482(216) and 2012(224). An advanced comparative study of the structure, reproduction, and genetics of viruses. Three hours of lecture, one hour of discussion or seminar per week. Students may not receive credit for both Biology 4652(334) and 6652(434).

6699(431) Graduate Internship in Biotechnology (1-4)
Prerequisite: Graduate standing and enrollment in graduate Biotechnology Certificate Program. Six credit hours maximum (maximum of eight combined credit hours of Biology 6905(490) and internship). Internship will consist of period of observation, experimentation and on-the-job training in a biotechnology laboratory. The laboratory may be industrial or academic. Credit will be determined by the number of hours the student works each week and in consultation between the intern's supervisor and the instructor. Internship assignments will be commensurate with the education and experience of the student.

6889(489) Graduate Seminar (2)
Presentation and discussion of various research problems in biology. Graduate student exposure to the seminar process.

6905(490) Graduate Research in Biology (1-10)
Research in area selected by student in consultation with faculty members.

6915(491) Graduate Research Practicum (1-2)
Prerequisite: Consent of instructor. This course is designed for graduate students wishing to pursue research experience in an area outside their dissertation topic. The project can be techniques-oriented or focused on a specific research question. The credit hours will depend on the time commitment to the project as decided by the supervisory faculty members.

6920(492) Topics in Biology (2-5)
In-depth studies of selected topics in contemporary biology. May be repeated.